I launched the first study on Internet addiction in , I wrote “Caught in the Net” in , the first book to treat Internet addiction, and I have worked ever since to develop and discuss research and treatment for this rapidly evolving problem Introduction. Addiction is a term that means compulsive physiological need for and use of a habit-forming substance (like heroin or nicotine), characterized by tolerance and well-defined physiological symptoms upon withdrawal; it has also been used more broadly to refer to compulsive use of a substance known by the user to be physically, psychologically, or socially harmful (Maddux and Desmond Substance use has been a topic of interest to many professionals in the area of health, particularly mental health. An area with enormous implications for public health, it has generated a substantial amount of research. In this paper we examine research in India in substance use and related disorders
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Department of Psychiatry, De-Addiction Centre, National Institute of Addiction research paper Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore -India. Substance use patterns are notorious for their ability to change over time.
Both licit and illicit substance use cause serious public health problems and evidence for the same is now available in our country.
National level prevalence has been calculated for many substances of abuse, but regional variations are quite evident. Rapid assessment surveys have facilitated the understanding of changing patterns of use. Substance use among women and children are increasing causes of concern. Preliminary neurobiological research has focused on identifying individuals at high risk for alcohol dependence, addiction research paper. Clinical research in the area has focused primarily on alcohol and substance related comorbidity.
There is disappointingly little research on pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. Course and outcome studies emphasize the addiction research paper for better follow-up in this group. While lack of a comprehensive policy has been repeatedly highlighted and various suggestions made to address the range of problems caused by substance use, addiction research paper, much remains to be done on the ground to prevent and address these problems.
Substance use has been a topic of interest to many professionals in the area of health, particularly mental health. An area with enormous implications for public health, addiction research paper, it has generated a substantial amount of research. In this paper we examine research in India in addiction research paper use and related disorders.
Substance use includes the use of licit substances such as alcohol, tobacco, addiction research paper, diversion of prescription drugs, as well as illicit substances. For this review, we have carried out a systematic web-based review of the Indian Journal of Psychiatry IJP. The IJP search included search of both the current and archives section and an issue-to-issue search of articles with any title pertaining to substance use. This has included original articles, reviews, case series and reports with significant implications, addiction research paper.
Letters to editor and abstracts of annual conference presentations have not been included. Publications in other journals were accessed through a Medlar search and a Pubmed search Other publications related to substance use available on the websites of international and national agencies have also been reviewed. In addiction research paper review, we focus mainly on publications in the IJP and have selectively reviewed the literature from other sources. For the sake of convenience, we discuss the publications under the following areas: Epidemiology, clinical issues diagnosis, psychopathology, addiction research paper, comorbiditybiological studies genetics, imaging, electrophysiology, addiction research paper, and vulnerabilityinterventions and outcomes as well as community interventions and policies.
There is a vast amount of literature on tobacco use and consequences in international and national journals, but this is outside the scope of this review.
Tobacco is mentioned in this review of substance use to highlight that it should be remembered as the primary licit substance of abuse in our country.
A majority of the publications in international journals relate to tobacco, substance use co-morbidity and miscellaneous areas like animal studies.
Much of the earlier epidemiological research has been regional and it has been very difficult to draw inferences of national prevalence from these studies. Studies between until have been primarily on addiction research paper use [ Table 1 ]. They have varied in terms of populations surveyed ranged from to 16,sampling procedures convenient, purposive and representativefocus of enquiry alcohol use, habitual excessive addiction research paper, alcohol abuse, alcoholism, chronic alcoholism, addiction research paper, alcohol and drug abuse and alcohol dependencelocation urban, rural or both, Slumsin the screening instruments used survey questionnaires and schedules, addiction research paper, semi-structured interviews, quantity frequency index, Michigan Addiction research paper Screening Test MAST etc.
A meta-analysis by Reddy and Chandrashekhar[ 26 ] revealed an overall substance use prevalence of 6. The rates among men and women were U - Urban; R - Rural; Sl - Slum; SR - Semi-rural; NM - Not mentioned. Regional studies between and continue to reflect this variability. Currently, the interest is to look at hazardous alcohol use. A study in southern rural India[ 27 ] showed that A similar study in the tertiary hospital[ 28 ] showed addiction research paper The only incidence study on alcohol use from Delhi[ 17 ] found that annual incidence of nondependent alcohol use and dependent alcohol use among men was 3 and 2 per persons in a total cohort of 2, households.
The National Household Survey of Drug Use in the country[ 29 ] is the first addiction research paper effort to document the nation-wide prevalence of drug use [ Table 2 ]. Alcohol Tobacco use prevalence was high at H-H - House to house survey; M - Male; F - Female; A - Alcohol, C - Cannabis; O - Opioids; T - Tobacco, addiction research paper.
The National Family Health Survey NFHS [ 30 ] provides some insights into tobacco and alcohol use. The changing trends between NFHS 2 and NFHS 3 reflect an increase in alcohol use among males since the NFHS 2, and an increase in tobacco use among women.
The Drug Abuse Monitoring System,[ 29 ] which evaluated the primary substance of abuse in inpatient treatment centres found that the major substances were alcohol Rapid situation assessments RSA are useful to study patterns of substance use. According to the World Drug Report,[ 33 ] of 81, treatment seekers in India in In the last decade, there has been a shift in viewing substance use and abuse as an exclusive adult male phenomenon to focusing on the problem in other populations.
In the GENACIS study[ 34 ] covering a population of respondents [ males; females], across five districts of Karnataka, addiction research paper, 5. Abuse of other substances among women has largely been studied through Rapid Assessment Surveys.
There are serious sexually transmitted disease risks, including HIV that women partners and drug users face. As early asa drug abuse survey in Lucknow among medical students revealed that Commonly abused drugs included minor tranquilizers, alcohol, amphetamines, addiction research paper, bhang and non barbiturate sedatives.
In a study of internees on the basis of a youth survey developed by the WHO in ,[ 38 ] Common reasons cited were social reasons, enjoyment, curiosity and relief from psychological stress. Most reported that it was easy to obtain drugs like marijuana and amphetamines. Substance use among medical professionals has become the subject of addiction research paper editorials.
The Global Youth Tobacco Survey[ 41 ] in showed that 3. Tobacco as a gateway to other drugs of abuse has been the topic of a symposium. The substances used were smoking tobacco, followed by chewable tobacco, snuff, cannabis and opioids. Injecting drug use[ 44 ] is also becoming apparent among street children as are inhalants. A study in the Andamans[ 46 ] shows that onset of regular use of alcohol in late childhood and early adolescence is associated with the highest rates of consumption in adult life, compared to later onset of drinking.
A majority of rickshaw pullers interviewed in New Delhi[ 47 ] in reported using tobacco The substances reportedly helped them to be awake at night while working.
These studies have basically described profiles of substance use among patients and include patterns of alcohol use,[ 49 — 53 ] opioid use,[ 54 — 56 ] pediatric substance use,[ 57 ] female substance use,[ 58 ] children of alcoholics[ 59 ] and geriatric substance use.
Alcohol withdrawal was the addiction research paper cause for reporting to the emergency Mortality and morbidity due to alcohol and tobacco have been extensively reviewed elsewhere[ 3564 — 66 ] and are beyond the scope addiction research paper this review, addiction research paper. The effects of cannabis have also been reviewed.
Harmful alcohol use patterns among admitted patients in general hospital has highlighted the importance of routine screening and addiction research paper in health care settings, addiction research paper. Peer influence is a significant factor for heroin initiation. Craving a common determinant of relapse has been shown to reduce with increase in length of period of abstinence.
Alcohol dependence constitutes a significant group among the psychiatric population in the Armed Forces. Alcohol dependence causes impairment in set shifting, visual addiction research paper and response inhibition abilities and relative abstinence has been found to improve this deficit. Diagnostic issues have focused on cross-system agreement[ 88 ] between ICD and DSM IV, variability in diagnostic criteria across MAST, RDC, DSM and ICD[ 89 ] and suitability of MAST as a tool for detecting alcoholism.
Addiction research paper utility of liver functions for addiction research paper of alcoholism and monitoring recovery has been demonstrated in clinical settings. A few studies have focused on scale development for motivation[ 9697 ] and addiction related dysfunction[ 98 ] Brief Addiction Rating Scale. An evaluation of two psychomotor tests comparing smokers and non-smokers found no differences across the two groups.
Craving plays an important role in persistence of substance use and relapse. Frequency of craving has been shown to decrease with increase in length of abstinence among heroin dependent patients, addiction research paper.
Socio-cultural factors did not influence the subjective experience of craving. In a study of heroin dependent patients, their self-report moderately agreed with urinalysis using addiction research paper layer chromatography TLCgas liquid chromatography GLC and high performance liquid chromatography HPLC. Cannabis related psychopathology has been a favorite topic of enquiry in both retrospective[] and prospective studies[ ] and vulnerability to affective psychosis has been highlighted.
The controversial status of a specific cannabis withdrawal syndrome and cannabis psychosis has been reviewed, addiction research paper. Phenomenological similarities between alcoholic hallucinosis and paranoid schizophrenia have been discussed. In a study of 22 dual diagnosed schizophrenia patients, substance use disorder preceded the onset of schizophrenic illness in the majority. The diagnosis and management of dual diagnosis has been reviewed in detail.
Co-dependency has been described addiction research paper spouses of alcoholics and found to correlate with the Addiction Severity scores of their husbands. An understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence addiction research paper led to a reformulation of the etiology of this complex disorder. Altered alcohol metabolism due to polymorphisms in the alcohol metabolizing enzymes may influence clinical and behavioral toxicity due to alcohol.
Erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase was demonstrated to be suitable as a peripheral trait marker for alcohol dependence. Genetic polymorphisms of the opioid receptor µ1 has been associated with alcohol and heroin addiction in a population from Eastern India. Certain individuals may develop early and severe problems due to alcohol misuse and be poorly responsive to treatment. Such vulnerability has been related to individual differences in brain functioning [ Figure 3 ]. Individuals with a high family addiction research paper of alcoholism specifically of the early-onset type, developing before 25 years of age display a cluster of disinhibited behavioral traits, usually evident in childhood and persisting into adulthood.
Brain volume differences between children and adolescents at high risk and low risk for alcohol dependence. Early onset drinking may be influenced by delayed brain maturation.
Alcohol-naïve male offspring of alcohol-dependent fathers have smaller or slowly maturing brain volumes compared to controls in brain areas responsible for attention, motivation, judgment and learning. Functionally, this is thought to create a addiction research paper of central nervous system hyperexcitability or disinhibition.
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, time: 56:03Substance use and addiction research in India
Addiction is the official journal of the Society for the Study of Addiction, and has been in publication since The journal publishes peer-reviewed research reports on pharmalogical and behavioural addictions, bringing together research conducted within many different disciplines Introduction. Addiction is a term that means compulsive physiological need for and use of a habit-forming substance (like heroin or nicotine), characterized by tolerance and well-defined physiological symptoms upon withdrawal; it has also been used more broadly to refer to compulsive use of a substance known by the user to be physically, psychologically, or socially harmful (Maddux and Desmond 1 day ago · Example of a thesis statement for a definition essay argumentative essay topics on dress code media pdf paper addiction Social research, friendship kannada essay, cyber incident response case study essay writing on different types. Essay on importance of health food topics on a persuasive essay write a essay on save trees. Topics on finance
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