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Green anarchism - Wikipedia
The Green Revolutionor the Third Agricultural Revolutionis the set of research technology transfer initiatives occurring between and the late s, that increased agricultural production in parts of the world, beginning most markedly in the late s. It was associated with chemical fertilizersagrochemicalsand controlled water-supply usually involving irrigation and newer methods of cultivation, including mechanization.
All of these together were seen as a 'package of practices' to supersede 'traditional' technology and to be adopted as a whole, green revolution essay. Both the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation were heavily involved in its initial development in Green revolution essay. He is credited with saving over a billion people from starvation.
The basic approach was the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seedssynthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers. As the development of new cereal varieties through selective breeding reached their limits, some agricultural scientists turned to the creation of new strains that did not exist in nature, genetically modified organisms GMOsa phenomenon sometimes called the Gene Revolution.
Studies show that the Green Revolution contributed to widespread eradication of poverty, averted hunger for millions, raised incomes, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, reduced land use for agriculture, and contributed to declines in infant mortality. The term "Green Revolution" was first used by William S.
Gaudthe green revolution essay of the U. Agency for International Development USAIDin a speech on 8 March He noted the spread of the new technologies as:. It is not a violent Red Revolution like that of the Soviets, nor is it a White Revolution like that of the Shah of Iran. I call it the Green Revolution. Mexico has been called the 'birthplace' and 'burial ground' of the Green Revolution.
It was on the lead of the Mexican government inunder Presidential order and finance of the Mexican President Manuel Ávila Camachoand support of the U. government, the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization FAOand the Rockefeller Foundation. For the U. government, its neighbor Mexico was an important experimental case in the use of technology and scientific expertise in agriculture that became the model for international agricultural development.
Mexico was the recipient of knowledge and technology of the Green Revolution, and it was an active participant with financial supports from the government for agriculture and Mexican agronomists, green revolution essay.
In the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution, the government had redistributed land to peasants in some parts of the country which had broken the back of the hacienda system. During the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenasland reform in Mexico reached its apex in the center and south of Mexico. Agricultural productivity had fallen significantly by the s. American Vice President Henry A. Wallacepreviously president Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's Secretary of Agriculture, visited Mexico who helped in uplifting the research program in Mexico that emphasized in increased productivity rather than land reform.
During the administration of Manuel Avila Camacho —46the government put resources into developing new breeds of plants and partnered with the Rockefeller Foundationand was also supported by the U. Department of Agriculture. scientists, Richard Bradfield Cornell UniversityPaul C. Mangelsdorf Harvard Universityand Elvin Charles Stakman University of Minnesota surveyed Mexican agriculture to recommend policies and practices.
Agriculture in Mexico had been a sociopolitical issue, a key factor green revolution essay some regions' participation in the Mexican Revolution. It was also a technical issue enabled by a cohort of trained agronomists who advised peasants how to increase productivity. This drive for agricultural transformation would have the benefit to Mexico on self-sufficiency in food and in the political sphere during the Cold War potentially stem unrest and the appeal of Communism.
In Mexico, it also served political ends separating peasant agriculture based on the ejido and considered one of the victories of the Mexican Revolution, from agribusiness that requires large-scale land ownership, irrigation, specialized seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, machinery, and a green revolution essay paid labor force. The Mexican government created the Mexican Agricultural Program MAP to be the lead organization in raising productivity.
New breeds of maize, beans, and wheat produced bumper crops with proper inputs such as fertilizer and pesticides and careful cultivation, green revolution essay. Many Mexican farmers who had been dubious about the scientists or hostile to them often a mutual relationship of discord came to see the scientific approach to agriculture as worth adopting.
The requirement for the full package of inputs of new strains of seeds, green revolution essay, fertilizer, synthetic pesticides, and water were often not within green revolution essay reach of small-scale farmers. The application of pesticides could be hazardous for farmers.
Their use often damaged the local ecology, contaminating waterways and endangering the health of workers and newborns. One of the participants in the Mexican experiment, green revolution essay, Edwin J, green revolution essay. Wellhausen, summarized the factors leading to its initial success. These include: high yield plants without green revolution essay resistivity, adaptability, and ability to utilize fertilizers; improved use of soils, adequate fertilizers, green revolution essay, and control of weeds and pests; and "a favorable ratio between the cost of fertilizers and other investments to the price of the produce.
InBridgett B the Government of the Republic of the Philippines with the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation established the International Rice Research Institute Green revolution essay. A rice crossing between Dee-Geo-woo-gen and Green revolution essay was done at IRRI in Inone of the breeding lines became a new cultivar : IR8 rice. Annual rice production in the Philippines increased from 3.
InIndia was on the brink of mass famine. Despite bureaucratic hurdles imposed by India's grain monopolies, the Ford Foundation and Indian government collaborated to import wheat seed from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center CIMMYT.
The state of Punjab was selected by the Indian government to be the first site to try the new crops because of its reliable water supply, the presence of Indus plains which make it one of the most fertile plains on earth, and a history of agricultural success.
India began its own Green Revolution program of plant breeding, irrigation development, and financing of agrochemicals. India soon adopted IR8 —a semi-dwarf rice variety developed by the International Rice Research Institute IRRI that could produce more grains of rice per plant when grown with certain fertilizers and irrigation.
De Datta published his findings that IR8 rice yielded about 5 tons per hectare with no fertilizer, and almost 10 tons per hectare under optimal conditions. This was 10 times the yield of traditional rice. In the s, rice yields in India were about two tons per hectare; by the mids, they had risen to 6 tons per hectare. Although the land mass of China is large, the areas of significant food production are small. When the Chinese Communists came to power inthe Chinese state came to play a major role in agricultural policy and scientific research.
Through agrarian reform over the s, it eliminated absentee landlords and created collective farms, which could utilize mechanized cultivation. However, green revolution essay, grain production did not increase significantly until the state began promoting state-supported agricultural research and investment in infrastructure.
Prominent in the development of productive hybrid rice was Yuan Longpinggreen revolution essay, whose research hybridized wild strains of rice with existing strains. In recent years, however, extensive use of ground water for irrigation has drawn down aquifers and extensive use of fertilizers has increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Brazil's vast inland cerrado region was regarded as unfit for farming before the s because the soil was too acidic and poor in nutrients, according to Norman Borlaug. However, green revolution essay, from green revolution essay s, vast quantities of lime pulverised chalk or limestone were poured on the soil to reduce acidity.
The effort went on for decades; by the late s, between 14 million and 16 million tonnes of lime were being spread on Brazilian fields each year.
The quantity rose to 25 million tonnes in andequalling around five tonnes of lime per hectare. As a result, green revolution essay, Brazil has become the world's second biggest soybean exporter. Soybeans are also widely used in animal feed, and the large volume of soy produced in Brazil has contributed to Brazil's rise to become the biggest exporter of beef and poultry in the world. There have been numerous attempts to introduce the successful concepts from the Mexican and Indian projects into Africa.
Reasons cited include widespread corruption, green revolution essay, insecurity, a lack of infrastructure, and a general lack of will on the part of the governments.
Yet environmental factors, green revolution essay, such as the availability of water for irrigation, the high diversity in slope and soil types in one given area are also reasons why the Green Revolution is not so successful in Africa.
A recent program in western Africa is attempting to introduce a new high-yielding 'family' of rice varieties known as " New Rice for Africa " NERICA. After a famine in and years of chronic hunger and poverty, in the small African country of Malawi launched the "Agricultural Input Green revolution essay Program" by which vouchers are given to smallholder farmers to buy green revolution essay nitrogen fertilizer and maize seeds.
The program has advanced yearly ever since. Various sources claim that the program has been an unusual success, hailing it green revolution essay a "miracle". A randomized control trial on temporary subsidies for maize farmers in Green revolution essay found that adoption of Green Revolution technology led to increased maize yields in both the short- and long-term.
Infoundation officials proposed a worldwide network of agricultural research centers under a permanent secretariat. This was further supported and developed by the World Bank ; on 19 Maythe Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CGIAR was established, co-sponsored by the FAOIFADand UNDP, green revolution essay.
CGIAR has added many research centers throughout the world. CGIAR has responded, at least in part, to criticisms of Green Revolution methodologies. This began in the s, and mainly was a result of pressure from donor organizations. According to a review in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the existing academic literature, the Green Revolution "contributed to widespread poverty reduction, averted hunger for millions of people, and avoided the conversion of thousands of hectares of land into agricultural cultivation.
The Green Revolution spread technologies that already existed, but had not been widely implemented outside industrialized nations.
Two kinds of technologies were used in the Green Revolution and aim at cultivation and breeding area respectively, green revolution essay. The technologies in cultivation are targeted at providing excellent growing conditions, which included modern irrigation projects, pesticidesgreen revolution essay, and synthetic nitrogen fertilizer. The breeding technologies aimed at improving crop varieties developed through the conventional, green revolution essay, science-based methods available at the time.
These technologies included hybridscombining modern genetics with selections. The novel technological development of the Green Revolution was the production of novel wheat cultivars. Agronomists bred cultivars of maize, wheat, and rice that are the generally referred to as HYVs or " high-yielding varieties ".
HYVs have higher nitrogen-absorbing potential than other varieties. Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge, or fall over before harvest, semi-dwarfing genes were bred into their genomes. A Japanese dwarf wheat cultivar Norin 10 developed by Japanese agronomist Gonjiro Inazuka, which was sent to Orville Vogel at Washington State University by Cecil Salmonwas instrumental in developing Green Revolution wheat cultivars.
IR8, the first widely implemented HYV rice to be developed by IRRI, was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named "Peta" and a Chinese variety named "Dee-geo-woo-gen".
Norman Borlaugwho is usually recognized as the "Father of the Green Revolution", bred rust-resistant cultivars which have strong and firm stems, preventing them from falling over under extreme weather at high levels of fertilization. CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo — International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvements conducted these breeding programs and helped spread high-yielding varieties in Mexico and countries in Asia like India and Pakistan.
These programs successfully led the harvest double in these countries. Plant scientists figured out several parameters related to the high yield and identified the related genes which control the plant height and tiller number.
These were identified as gibberellin biosynthesis genes or cellular signaling component genes. Stem growth in the mutant background is significantly reduced leading to the dwarf phenotype. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on green revolution essay yield.
The Green Revolution
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1 day ago · Who am i in the cyber world essay. How to save the ocean from pollution essay research papers by nlu students, discipline essay in urdu essay topics b1 level. Essay about the values of the youth today. High school life essay examples. Pulp fiction essay question dbq causes of the french revolution essay The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution, is the set of research technology transfer initiatives occurring between and the late s, that increased agricultural production in parts of the world, beginning most markedly in the late s. The initiatives resulted in the adoption of new technologies, including high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of 1 day ago · Industrial revolution 2 page essay good transition words for compare and contrast essays essayer un nouveau travail visit to a government school essay. Good movies to write a research paper on, persuasive essay about mobile legends, short essay about job interview. An essay on reading makes a man perfect industrial revolution inventions essay
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